Imiti mito ya molekile yamye ninkingi yinganda zimiti!
Hafi yikinyejana, imiti mito ya molekile yabaye inkingi yinganda zimiti.
Bafite ibyiza byingenzi mubikorwa, gutwara no kubika, kubahiriza abarwayi, intera ihari, ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, kandi bakomeje kugira uruhare runini mu kuvura abarwayi.
Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga mu myaka icumi ishize ryatumye ibigo bikorerwamo ibya farumasi bivumbura kandi biteza imbere uburyo bushya kandi bushya bwo kuvura molekile ntoya ivura ibimenyetso bitandukanye, kandi mu gihe kiri imbere, molekile nto zizakomeza kuba intandaro y’imiti ivura ivuriro, ikina a uruhare rukomeye mu kuvura indwara zitandukanye.
Umuti muto wa molekile ni iki?
Imiti mito ya molekile isobanurwa nkibintu byose bifite uburemere buke buke byavumbuwe, byakozwe, kandi byatejwe imbere kugirango bigire uruhare mubikorwa byihariye bya fiyologiki mubinyabuzima. Imiti mito mito isanzwe irimo antibiyotike (nka penisiline), analgesike (nka parasetamol), hamwe na hormone ikora (nka corticosteroide).
Imiti mito ya molekile nubwoko bwemewe bwibiyobyabwenge kugeza ubu, hamwe nubushobozi bwo kwinjira vuba mumyanya ndangagitsina no gukorana neza nintego zihariye ziri muri selile.
Molekile ntoya irashobora gutera imiti ivura umubiri wumuntu muburyo butandukanye. Ubwoko butatu bukunze kugaragara ni:
Enzyme inhibitor: molekile ntoya igira uruhare mukuzamuka kwindwara muguhagarika ibikorwa bya enzyme;
• Receptor agonist / antagonistes: molekile nto zikorana na poroteyine ziboneka hejuru ya selile kugirango zikore cyangwa zihagarike reseptors;
Abayobora moderi ya Ion: Imiti mito ya molekile irashobora kugenga gufungura no gufunga imiyoboro ya ion kugirango igenzure iyinjira nogusohoka kwa ion no kuvura indwara nka epilepsy.
Ubu buryo bwibikorwa byose birimo akarere runaka kuri poroteyine, akaba ari umufuka uhuza cyangwa urubuga rukora rwa molekile nto. Iterambere rya molekile ntoya mubusanzwe rishingiye kumurongo wambere wicyitegererezo cyibanze, gihuza igishushanyo cya molekile ntoya ishingiye kumwanya, hydrophobicity, hamwe n amashanyarazi yumufuka uhuza umufuka, kugirango uhuze neza intego kandi ugire ingaruka kumikorere yayo.
Ibyiza byibiyobyabwenge bito
Hamwe no kwiyongera kwimiti yibiyobyabwenge nka antibodies, kuvura gene, hamwe no kuvura selile, imiti mito ya molekile yigeze gufatwa nkigihe, ariko mubyukuri, imiti mito ya molekile iracyafite aho isimburwa.
Ugereranije n’ibinyabuzima, molekile ntoya iracyafite ibyiza byingenzi mubikorwa, ubwikorezi, kubahiriza abarwayi, intera ihari, immunogenicite, nibindi bintu.
Molekile ntoya ifite imiterere yoroheje, ifite uburemere bwa molekuline muri rusange ntabwo irenga Daltons 500, kandi irashobora guhindurwa kugirango ihuze ibikenewe byo kuvura;
Mubisanzwe birahagaze neza kandi ntibisanzwe bisaba ububiko bwihariye nko gushyirwa mubihe by'ubushyuhe buke; Imyitwarire mumubiri mubisanzwe irahanurwa kandi yoroshye kuyobora.
Byongeye kandi, molekile ntoya irashobora kuzenguruka no kwimuka mu binyabuzima byoroshye, kwimura mu mara ikanyura mu maraso ikajya aho ikorera, ikinjira mu gice cy’utugingo ngengabuzima kugira ngo igere ku ntego zidasanzwe, kandi ikagira ibikorwa byinshi, bigatuma iba ingenzi mu nzego zitandukanye z'ubuvuzi nka oncologiya, ubuzima bw'umutima n'imitsi, indwara zandura, ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, n'indwara zifata ubwonko.
Molekile ntoya yabaye, irahari, kandi izakomeza kuba intandaro yimiti ivura ivuriro mugihe cyashize, iyubu, nigihe kizaza
Mu myaka 15 kugeza kuri 20 ishize, umubare munini w’ibiyobyabwenge bya molekile byemejwe na FDA kandi byagize uruhare runini mu kwita ku barwayi, harimo Cymbalta yo kuvura indwara yo kwiheba no guhangayika, Viagra yo kuvura imikorere mibi y’umugabo, Tagrisso kubera kwibasira NSCLC, na Eliquis kuri fibrillation atriel na anticoagulation.
Mubyukuri, umubare wibiyobyabwenge bishya bya molekile bishya byemejwe na FDA byiyongereyeho hejuru ya 50% umwaka ushize, hamwe n’imiti 34 ya molekile ntoya yemewe yemejwe mu 2023 na 21 gusa muri 2022. Byongeye kandi, imiti mito ya molekile nayo yari 62% bya FDA yose yemeje imiti mishya mu 2023, byerekana ko molekile nto zikiri ingenzi mu guteza imbere ubuvuzi.
Ku rutonde 100 rwa mbere rwo kugurisha ibiyobyabwenge mu 2021, hari imiti 45 ya molekile ntoya yose hamwe, 36% byinjira mu bicuruzwa byose; Hariho imiti 11 ya molekile irwanya ibibyimba yinjiye kurutonde rwa TOP100, yose hamwe yinjije miliyari 51.901 z'amadolari y'Amerika. Amafaranga yinjiza menshi ni miliyari 12.891 z'amadolari ya Amerika kuri lenalidomide; Mu 2022, igurishwa rusange ry'imiti mito ya molekile muri Top 10 yonyine yageze kuri miliyari 96,6 z'amadolari y'Amerika, Paxlovid yagurishije agera kuri miliyari 18.9 z'amadolari y'Amerika ku isi yose, yerekana neza isoko ry’imiti mito ya molekile.
