Ngokuvamile, ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emisha yebhayoloji kufanele kudlule (1) ngocwaningo lwaselabhorethri (ukuhlola umzila wenqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nokusungulwa kwamazinga okulawula ikhwalithi) (2) Izifundo zangaphambi komtholampilo (ukuhlolwa kwemithi, ubuthi, i-pharmacodynamic nokunye ukuhlolwa kwezilwane) (3) Ukudla kwezempilo uzophumelela ukuhlolwa kokuphepha komkhiqizo ohloliwe (4) Izidakamizwa zidinga ukudlula ezigabeni ezinhlanu zomsebenzi wocwaningo, njengesivivinyo somtholampilo sesigaba I (ukuhlola ukuphepha kwezidakamizwa ngamavolontiya anempilo), uhlolo lwesigaba sesi-II somtholampilo (umtholampilo omncane Ucwaningo lwe-Pharmacodynamics), kanye nokuhlolwa komtholampilo kwesigaba sesi-III (i-Clinical Pharmacodynamics Research enkulu kakhulu), ngaphambi kokuthi zigunyazwe ukukhiqizwa kwesilingo. Ngemva konyaka owodwa wokukhiqiza isilingo, umuthi kufanele ubike imiphumela yokuzinza kwekhwalithi kanye nokuhlolwa okunwetshiwe komtholampilo ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo sokugunyazwa ukukhiqizwa okusemthethweni.